Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: CDIAC, FAO, Woods Hole Research Center 2009. From the Media Briefing by Dr Mike Raupach, 18 Nov, 2009, Australian Science Media Centre
Lead author Prof Corinne Le Quéré of the University of East Anglia (UEA) and the British Antarctic Survey said: "The only way to control climate change is through a drastic reduction in global CO2 emissions. The Earth's carbon sinks are complex and there are some gaps in our understanding, particularly in our ability to link human-induced CO2 emissions to atmospheric CO2 concentrations on a year-to-year basis. But, if we can reduce the uncertainty about the carbon sinks, our data could be used to verify the effectiveness of climate mitigations policies."
Dr Mike Raupach, Co-Chair, Global Carbon Project and Principle Research Scientist, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, said in a Sydney Press Conference "The current growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is closely linked to growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion are estimated to have increased 41 per cent above 1990 levels with emissions continuing to track close to the worst-case scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)."
"There will be a small downturn in emissions because of the GFC, but anthropogenic emissions growth will resume when the economy recovers unless the global effort to reduce emissions from human activity is accelerated." said Dr Mike Raupach.
The main findings of the study include:
* very aggressive growth in fossil fuel emissions. CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels increased by two per cent from 2007 to 2008, by 29 per cent between 2008 and 2000, and by 41 per cent between 2008 and 1990 - the reference year of the Kyoto Protocol.
* over the last 6 -7 years exponential growth in emissions coming from coal.
* Oil was the dominant source for 40 years but has now been overtaken by coal
* emissions are continuing to grow
* some slowdown for Global Financial Crisis, but because coal now dominant the overall picture hasn't changed much. About 2% increase instead of 3.6% in previous year.
* the efficiency of natural carbon sinks in the ocean and land are declining because we are emitting so quickly the natural carbon sinks cannot keep pace. The fraction of total CO2 emissions remaining in the atmosphere has likely increased from 40 to 45 per cent since 1959.
* Emissions from land use change have remained almost constant since 2000, but now account for a significantly smaller proportion of CO2 emissions (20 per cent in 2000 to 12 per cent in 2008).
* The financial crisis had a small but discernable impact on emissions growth in 2008 - with a two per cent increase compared with an average 3.6 per cent over the previous seven years. Emissions for 2009 are expected to fall to their 2007 levels, before increasing again in 2010.
* Emissions from emerging economies such as China and India have more than doubled since 1990 and developing countries now emit more greenhouse gases than developed countries.
* A quarter of the growth in CO2 emissions in developing countries can be accounted for by an increase in international trade of goods and services.
* Some evidence the Southern Ocean sink is weakening
The article details that despite efforts to mitigate climate change and the recent global financial crisis, emissions are still on the increase. The global financial crisis provides only a brief respite in the upward trend of emissions from fossil fuels. One small encouraging trend is the slight decrease in emissions from deforestation.
Dr Pep Canadell from the CSIRO and an executive director of the GCP and one of over 30 scientists involved in the delivery of the paper said in a CSIRO podcast said that the paper stressed what scientists have been saying the last few years. "The urgency to take action in mitigation. The reason is that we have now an early period where the natural carbon sinks are still removing almost 50 per cent of all carbon dioxide admitted into the atmosphere. As time progresses into the future these sinks are actually declining in efficiency and therefore the size of the effort of carbon mitigation that we'll need to do, the longer we wait the bigger will be."
"The message is that there is absolutely no time to lose in starting a very aggressive emission reductions globally. As I said, it seems efficiency is slowing down and we don't want to delay the process that is starting. We know already the clear impacts of climate change and we are most concerned in that pushing the system to much higher levels of CO2 may actually trigger a number of processes which then will be much more difficult to stop or to stabilise..." said Dr Pep Canadell.
At the media conference in Sydney Dr Mike Raupach outlined how Australia's emission's compare to the rest of the world : "we have emissions per person which are approximately 4 and a half times the global average per person emission rate. Of course because we don't have that many people compared to the whole world, we have a total emission of 1.4%. of the world. ... We are a disproportionate emitter per person." Unlike many other western developed countries Mike Raupach said that emissions are still increasing around 2% per year in Australia. "That compares with much much higher emissions in developing countries such as China and India."
The world has yet to begin the serious task of emissions reduction. To avoid dangerous climate change (more than 2 degrees warming) emissions must peak within the next 10 years and then decline by more than 3% per year for many decades. Develpoed nations need to peak earlier with a higher reduction in emissions.
Climate Treaty Negotiations
The recent Barcelona negotiations were deadlocked with developed nations refusing to present emission reduction targets, and deveoping countries demanding those targets be on the table before they negotiated.
A climate breakfast hosted by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Mexican President Felipe Calderon at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Singapore on November 15 conceded that a legally binding agreement at Copenhagen was unlikely. Danish Prime Minister Lars Loekke Rasmussen flew in for the breakfast, and presented the forum with a proposal of a 2 stage process of a general political agreement in Copenhagen, and perhaps a treaty at the next Climate conference in November 2010 in Mexico. Climate negotiations are stalled between developed and developing countries over emission targets and financial packages to assist with mitigation and adaption in developing countries.
Hopes for a more concrete agreement increased with reports of a meeting between President Obama from USA and China's Hu Jintao that they aimed to make real progress in tackling climate change at next month's UN climate summit through "an accord that covers all the issues in the negotiations and one that has immediate operational effect". Obama and Hu also agreed to etablish a $150 million joint US-China Clean Energy Research Center, which will focus research on building energy efficiency, clean coal including carbon capture and storage, and eco vehicles.
"Today's agreement by the US and China recognising that major progress on tackling climate change can still be made in Copenhagen is a positive development following weeks of lowered expectations - both nations must now use their substantial political clout to make this happen." said Friends of the Earth's UK Executive Director Andy Atkins.
"At the very least the world's richest nations must agree to substantially slash their emissions between 2012 and 2016 - as most of them are legally obliged to do under the Kyoto climate treaty - and agree a comprehensive finance and technology package to allow developing countries to develop cleanly and deal with the impacts of climate change." said Andy Atkins.
The International Energy Agency has recently stated that every year of delay in not implementing global emission reduction targets will cost the world about $500 billion in terms of the adjustment that is needed to be made to reduce carbon emissions over the decades.
Sources:
* CSIRO, Nov 18, 2009 - Fossil fuel emissions rise 2% despite GFC
* University of East Anglia. Nov 18, 2009. - Fossil fuel CO2 emissions up by 29 per cent since 2000
* Australian Science Media Centre Nov 18, 2009 - MEDIA BRIEFING: Global carbon emissions still increasing - Nature Geoscience
* Friends of the Earth UK, November 17, 2009 - Obama and Hu agree to aim for climate targets in Copenhagen
