UNEP emissions Gap report from November 2015. Figures are in GTCO2e
The latest study identifies we have less time and carbon budget to act on climate change than previously thought. To aspire to meet the 1.5C target, as agreed to in the UNFCCC Paris Agreement or even the well below 2 degree C target, we are going to need to make substantial emission reductions this decade and continue with that trend.
Research on carbon budgets by Joeri Rogelj et al (2016) - Differences between carbon budget estimates unravelled (abstract) published in Nature Climate Change, warns that the global carbon budget has been over-estimated.
"For a >66% chance of limiting warming below the internationally agreed temperature limit of 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels, the most appropriate carbon budget estimate is 590–1,240 GtCO2 from 2015 onwards. Variations within this range depend on the probability of staying below 2 °C and on end-of-century non-CO2 warming. Current CO2 emissions are about 40 GtCO2 yr−1, and global CO2 emissions thus have to be reduced urgently to keep within a 2 °C-compatible budget." the study abstract concludes.
This carbon budget estimate is half of the previous range of from 590 billion to 2.4 trillion tonnes of CO2. Our carbon dioxide emissions are about 40 billion tonnes in 2015. The carbon budget would be spent in about 15 to 30 years for the 2 degrees C target.
“We have figured out that this budget is at the low end of what studies indicated before,” said lead author Dr Joeri Rogelj, a climate scientist at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria. "If we don’t start reducing our emissions immediately, we will blow it in a few decades."
For a 1.5°C target, the carbon budget "would be exhausted in about one decade," Dr Rogelj told AFP, according to Phys.org.
"It is beyond doubt that ambition thus needs to be increased radically from anything we have experienced to stabilise warming at either 1.5°C or 2.0°C, or even higher temperature levels,"
The study looked at reasons why past research may have over-estimated the carbon budget. While Carbon dioxide accounts for more than 80 percent of global warming, other gases such as methane and nitrous oxide are also key. The researchers concluded that many of those previous studies neglected some of the warming effects from those other greenhouse gases.
"In our proposed carbon budget range, we take into account warming by all human emissions, and thus shave of the top-end of studies that looked at CO2 only." said Rogelj.
"We now better understand what the carbon budget is for keeping global warming below 2 degrees. This carbon budget is very important to know because it defines how much carbon dioxide we are allowed to release into the atmosphere, ever. We have now figured out that this budget is at the low end of what studies indicated before, and if we don't start reducing our emissions soon, we will blow it in a few decades." said the paper's lead author Joeri Rogelj, of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, in a media release.
The only good news is that CO2 Emissions Stabilized in 2014, according to the International Energy Agency. They reported in March 2015 that "Global emissions of carbon dioxide stood at 32.3 billion tonnes in 2014, unchanged from the preceding year."
This is important as it is the first time emissions have stabilised during a period of global economic growth. But it is still far from sufficient if we are to decarbonize by mid-century.
Climate analyst and author David Spratt reckons that with a 90 per cent chance of keeping below 2 degrees of global warming we have already used up the carbon budget. See the graph below. To read his explanation see: No carbon budget left to burn from July 2014.
He argues that most carbon budgets don't factor in that agriculture and deforestation will continue to have emissions, even after we succeed in decarbonizing our electricity sector. Also climate feedbacks such as carbon released from permafrost or ocean clathrates have not been included. Reduction in cooling from human caused particulates and aerosols when we reduce carbon emissions also needs to be factored in.
Sources:
- Differences between carbon budget estimates unravelled by Joeri Rogelj, Michiel Schaeffer, Pierre Friedlingstein, Nathan P. Gillett, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Keywan Riahi, Myles Allen and Reto Knutti, Nature Climate Change (2016) (abstract)
- Media release, University of Exeter, 29 February 2016 - Lower limit for future climate emissions needed, research says
- Phys.org, 23 February 2016 - Climate 'carbon budget' soon maxed out: study
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